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Chemical Industries: Solved Exercise and Think-Tank

 Question 2: Give short answers.

I. How are urea prills produced?

Answer. The urea solution is concentrated in vacuum evaporators, which is then rapidly cooled and sent to prilling tower. Urea prills thus produced are packed and then marketed.

 ii. What is slaked lime? How is it produced?

Answer. Ca(OH)2 is called slaked lime. When equal amounts of lime (CaO) and aH2O mixed, slaked lime is produced. 

CaO     +    H2O   ---------> Ca(OH)2

  iii. Write chemical reactions that take place during carbonation in Solved process.

Answer. During carbonation in Solvey process, following reactions take place. 

i. CO  +   NH3    +   H2O   ----------'>  NH4HCO3 

NH4aHCO3   +   NaCl  -------------->  NaHCO3     +    NH4Cl

iv. Explain the process roasting with two examples.

Answer. The process in which some minerals are converted into oxides by heating in air at temperature below their melting points is called roasting. 

Example 1: Roasting reaction of zincblend (ZnS)

2ZnS      +     O2   -----------> 2ZnO      +     2SO2

Example 2: Roasting reaction of cinnabar(HgS)

    HgS      +    O2   -----------> Hg         +   SO2

v. Write the chemical reactions that take place during urea formation.

Answer. 

During formation of urea, following reactions take place.

1. Firsly, t ammonia and carbon dioxide combine to form ammonium carbamate.

 NH3     +  CO2    ----------->   NH2COONH4

2.  Secondly, distillation of ammonium carbonate produces urea.

      NH2COONH4   -------heat------> NH2CONH2   +  H2O 

3Question 3: Define the following with examples.

  a. Roasting    b. Smelting   c. Floatation 

Question 4. Make a list of metallurgical operations

Answer. 

1. Crushing, grinding, or pulverizing  of ores

2. Concentration of ores

3. Extraction of metals 

4. Refining of metals 

Question 5; How was crude oils formed?

Answer. It is believed that petroleum was formed from plants and animals hundreds of millions of years ago. When these organisms died, their remains piled up. Layers of sand, rock and mud buried these dead organisms. Over the time, in the absence of air, heat and pressure of sediments and bacterial action changed the material into a dark brownish viscous liquid called petroleum.  It is also called crude oil.

Question 6: State five specific products made from crilude oil.

Answer.

1. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

2.  Petrol

3.  Naphtha  

4.  Kerosene

5.   Diesel ⛽️ 

6.   Lubricating oils.

7.   Fuel oil 

8.  Bitumen

Question 7": Outline basic reactions of Solvey process.

Answer.

Answer.

Carbonation;

i. CO  +   NH3    +   H2O   ----------'>  NH4HCO3 

NH4aHCO3   +   NaCl  -------------->  NaHCO3     +    NH4Cl

 2. Calcination 

   NaHCO3    -------heat------->  Na2CO3   +   CO2     +   H2O 

3. Preparation of CO2 and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2)

    CaCO3  --------heat---------> CaO     +     CO2 

     CaO    +    H2O  --------->     Ca(OH)2

4. Recovery of ammonia 

     2NH4Cl       +      Ca(OH)2   ---------> 2NH3      +    CaCl2    +    2H2O 


Question 8: Draw the flowsheet diagram of Solvey process.


Question 9; Describe the composition of urea.

Answer. 

Question 10: Make a list of raw materials for Solvey process.

Answer. 

Raw materials for Solvey process 

a. Ammonia 

b. Brine (Concentrated sodium chloride solution 

c. Lime stone as a source of carbon dioxide and slakeed lime, Ca(OH)2

Question 11: Describe the composition of petroleum.

Answer. 

1. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

2. Petrol

3. Naphtha

4. Kerosene

5. Diesel 

6.Lubricating 🛢 

7. Fuel oil 

8. Bitumen 

Question 12: Relate the study of chemistry to careers in chemistry 

Answer. A person who studies chemistry and works with chemical is called as chemist. Chemists have opportunities in all the field of chemistry. For instance,

 1. Organic chemistry have good opportunities to work in industry like petroleum Petrochemical and Pharmaceutical. They can research on new products, more effective medicine, new pesticide for better crops,  new ways to help people to reduce environmental pollution etc. 

2.  As a food chemist you can work in food processing industry. You can discover new methods to store improve texture and flavour of food and hospitals, chemist analyse blood, urine and stools. sample to detect any disease causing bacteria virus another microorganism.

3. you can work in the development of new Nuclear medicine decides giving chemotherapy and Radiation therapy to cancer patient. 

4. As an inorganic chemistry you can work in chemical industry such as manufacturing cement class soap and detergent fertilizer etc.

Question 13: Draw a flowsheet diagram for the manufaring of urea.

Question 14; Petroleum is a mixture of several compounds, which are sperated in a refinery.

       a. What is the name of the apparatus used for this purpose?

       b. What is the name of the process used in separating crude oil?

       C. Write the name of the fraction that represents gases ⛽️.

       d. Which fraction represents liquids with lowest boiling points?

Answer.

a.  Fractionating column

b. Fractional distillation 

c. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

d. Petrol 

Question 15: petroleum is a source of fuels name two fuels which are not obtained from Petroleum.

Question 16: What has to be done to crud oil before it is useful.


Think Tank 

Question 17: The table below list some petroleum price and with their approximate boiling points.

Fraction               Aproximate boiling point(oc)

     P                              Below 20

     Q                             35=70

      R                            170 --259

      S                            300 - 500

   a. Name the process by which the fractions are pain from Petroleum.

   b. Which fraction will contain the shortest chain molecules?

   c. Which fraction will contain the longest chain molecule?

   d.  In which state will fraction PB at room temperature and pressure?

Answer.

Question 18: show the fossil fuel to provide energy of should they be used to make useful products like drug plastic and chemical analyse the statement.

Question 19: sketch flosy diagram of refining of Petroleum.

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