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CHAPTER # 15 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

 

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Modern definition.

Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and their derivatives, are called organic compounds. For example, CH4 , CH3Cl etc.

    Sources of organic Compounds: 

    Following are the main sources of organic compounds:

    i. Fossil fuels or Fossil remains. 

    ii. Plants and Natural product 

    iii. Partial &Total Synthesis

    iv.  Fermentation and Biotechnology

    Fossil fuels or Fossil remains:  

    The main sources of fossil fuels or fossil remains are: 

    a. coal

    b. petroleum

    c. gas

    a. Coal: 

    Coal is one of the organic compounds. Coal major source of into coke, and coal law" on pyrolysis Com can be converted destructive distillation. More than 200 organic compounds" have been directly isolated from coal tar, which are used. in ...drug. dyes, other. preparation of perfumes.. photographic developers and.

    b. Petroleum:

    Petroleum Sticky Liquid ground in that is block Thick seeps out of the some part of world. It is Complex mixture of hydrocarbons...

    C. Natural gas:

    Natural is a mixture of low boiling hydrocarbons. Major portion of Natural gas other butane gases is CH4 (Methane) gas (85%) ethane, propane and are ethane, propane, butane etc.

    Plants and Natural Product

    Many organic Compounds can be isolated from plants and animals using suitable isolation methods. For example:

    a. Carbohydrates (cellulose Sugar, starch)

    b. Proteins (silk wood casein, food protein fats and oils.)

    c. Oils (cottonseed, soybeen oil, lard, butter).

     d. Alkaloid (quinine, morphine, strechnin) harmones, resins. Vitamins, Perfumes flavours,

    Partial and Total synthesis

    a. Partial Synthesis: 

    In this synthesis, an intermediate product of reaction is used to synthesize required product. e.g soap formation Of vegetable ghee, etc

    OR

    When desired product is obtained from intermediate (naturally available) product such as coal, petroleum or gas. it is called Partial Synthesis.

    b. Total synthesis: 

    In this synthesis starting material is converted through many steps into required product. e.g., synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.

    OR

    When desired product is obtained from starting material through many steps. e.g., in many cases,  synthetic material such as. synthetic rubber are  superior than natural rubber.

    Both total and partial synthesis are also big source of  organic compounds.

    Fermentation /Biotechnology

    a. Fermentation:  

    The chemical breakdown of the compound with help of action of appropriate  microorganisms  such as bacteria, yeast. For examples Fermentation of molasses produces

    alcohol, vinegar, many alter products.

     b. Biotechnology:

    The Field of applied biology that deals with study of living organism and bio process in medicine, technology & engineering called biotechnology.

    Coal (as a source of organic compound)

    Destructive. Distillation:

    The Process in which coal is converted into coke coal gas and coal tar in the absence of air and a  high temperature ranging from 500-1000°C distillation. is called destructive

    Characteristics of organic compounds

    Organic compounds have following characteristics.

    1. Composition: 

    carbon is an essential Constituent (elements) of all organic compounds.

    2. Combustion: 

    Organic Compounds have high percentage of Carbon and combustible nature.

    3. Melting and boiling point: 

    Organic compounds are volatile in nature and have low melting and boiling paint

    4. Solubility:

    Organic compounds with non-polar linkage are generally soyluble in non-polar solvent such as benzene, alcohol, ether. They are Insoluble in water.

    5. Stability:

    Organic compounds. generally decomposed at high temperature into simple substance.

    6. Electrical conductivity:

    Due to presence of covalent bonds organic. compounds are poor conductor.of electricity:  both in  fused state and solution.

    7. Sources

    Most of organic compounds come from plants and animals sources.

    8. Rate of reaction 

    Most of chemical reactions are very slow and requires specific conditions to occur.

    Uses of organic Compounds 

    Organic compounds are used in our daily life. Following are some important organic compound.

    1. Food: protein, fats, oil, carbohydrates.

    2. Clothing: Cotton, wool, silk, nylon, rayon and                          dacron

    3. Shelter: wood, paints, warnishes.

    4. Power and Transportation: Natural products, petroleum coal.

    5. Medicines and drugs: Penicillin, Strepto mycin.

    6. Insecticides:  DDT (Dichlorodiphenytrichloro ethana)

    7.  In agriculture. 

    8. Hormeshes and Sterold: Complex organic

    compound.

    9. Vitamins and Enzymes: Vitamin A, B, C,. D and enzymes are -organic compound 

    10. Antiseptics and Anesthetics:  These are families of  medicines and organic in nature. 

    11: Pigments & Dyes:  It is used in paints and are organic in nature. 

    12. Paper and inks: 

    Paper and ink are the sources of

    civilization and organic material.

    13. Perfumes and Flavours: Perfume flavours and all cosmetics are organic in nature...

    14. Plastic, Rubbers, Resins: They are organic in nature.

    15. Propellants and Explosives:  

    Propellants, explosives and refrigerants are well-known organic  material..

    15. Soaps and detergents:They are organic compounds 

    16. Herbicides: Teflon

    17.Photographic films and developrs: hon ng

    18. Biological problems in Organic Chemistry: Most of the biological problems are concerned with organic Chemistry. For example:- Organic eurs reactions are involved in. formation of tissue and foods.

    New allotrops of carbon: Bucky balls 

    The full name of Bucky balls is Buckminister Fullerenes. It was named after the name of architeches Buckminister who designed  shaped buildings.  It is used as conducter and lubricant. The carbon atoms range from 40 to 100. Carbon atoms. arranged are in  cage shape structure. The Simplest form of Bucky balls is C60( molecule that contains 60 carbon atoms).

    Functional Groups and  Homologous Series

    FUNCTIONAL GROUP:

    An atom or a group of aloms, double bond or tripple bond whose presence gives its characteristic physical and chemical properties is called Functional group. e.g. 

    CH3-CH₂- CH₂-Cl

    CH3-CH2-CH₂- OH

    CH3-CH=CH₂ 

    CH3-C=_CH

    Importance of Functional group 

    Functional group is very important in organic

    Chemistry for three reasons.

    1. Functional groups provide basis for the. semenclature of organic compound.
    2. Functional groups provide bases for the classification of organic compound.
    3. Functional groups is a site of chemical reactivity in a molecule containing functional group.
    Homologous series: 

    A series of compound in which adjacent member differ by CH₂ unit is called homologous series. An individual member is called homolog.

    n                R                         formula

     1              CH3                    CH3OH

    2              CH3CH2             CH3CH2OH

    2              CH3CH2CH2      CH3CH2CH2OH

    General Characteristics of Homolologous series 

    General characteristics of homolologous series are as as follows.

    1. All compounds of  same series contain elements and functional group.
    2. All compounds of homologous series can be represented by general formula. For example, general formula of alkane is CnH2n+2
    3. Molecular formula of each homelogue differs from above or below by CH₂ units.
    4. All compounds in homologous can be prepared by  same methed.
    5. They have  same set of chemical properties.
    6. There is a gradual variation in physical properties which icrease with  increasing molecule weight.

    Detection of elements in organic compounds 

    A) Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen

    Carbon and hydrogen can be detected by by heating small amount organic compand  with CuO in a glass tube. On heating mixture, carbon and hydrogen are converted into carbon dioxide and water respectively. carbon dioxide turns lime Water milky. Water vapors turns white anhydrous copper sulphate to blue which shows  the presence of  hydrogen.

     Reactions:

    C + Cuo → Co₂ + 2Cu 

    CO₂ + Ca (OH)2 Lime water → CaCO3 + 1420    Milky

    H2 + CuO > H20 + Cu 

    H2O + CuSO4(Colourless) →CuSO4. 5. H₂O 1 Blue Colour)

    B) Detection of Nitrogen, Sulphur and                      halogens 

    1. Preparation of Lassaigne's Solution /Sodium Extract.
    2. Cut a metal Small piece of sodium, with knife.
    3. Put this piece of Sodium metel in fusion tube.
    4. Heat fusion tube with flame until Sodium melts. 
    5. Add a Small amount of powdered organic compound.
    6. Than heat the fusion tube until it becomes red hot.
    7. Break  the fusion tube in a chin dish containing 20ml water.
    8. Mix well, boil and filter the solution.
    9. Thus filtrate obtained is called lassaign solution. 
    10. Divide this solution into three in  proportions.

    Nitrogen Test:

    To a portion of Lassaign solution, add few drops of NaOH to make it alkaline. Then add freshly prepare FeSO4   solution in it. Finally few drops of FeCl3 solution are added in it and boiled. The appearance of blue greenish or blue (Purssian blue) shows the prosence of Nitrogen.

    Reactions:

    Na + C +N> NaСN

    6 NaCN + FeSO4 →Na4[Fe(CN)6]+ Na2SO4

    -Sodiumhexacyanoferate (III) 

    3Na4[Fe(CN)6] + 4FeCl3 → Fe4 [Fe(CN)6] + Na2SO4 + purssian blue

    For both Nitrogen and Sulphur

    Note: If blood red colour appears instead of purssian blue, it proves that bolth Nitrogen and sulphur are present.

     2Na +2C + 2N + 2S → 2NaSCN

    (NaSCN + FeSO4 →  Na4[Fe(CNS)6] + Na2SO4 

    Na4[Fe(SCN)6] + 4FeCl3→ Fe (Fe (SCN)6]3+12NaCl Blood red ppt

     3

    Sulphur Test

    To the second portion of Lassaign solution, add accetic acid and boil to expel H2S, which turns lead acetate paper to black that indicates the presence of sulphur in compound. 

    Na₂S + 2CH3COOH → H₂S+ 2 CH3COOH

    H2S + (CH3COO)2Pb →PbS Black ppt + 2CH3COOH

    Halogen test

    Third  portion of lassaign solution is boiled to expel cyanide and then add AgNO3 solution. Formation of white ppt soluble in NH4OH shows the presence of chlorine. A pale yellow ppt, partially soluble in NH4OH shows the presence of bromine. A deep yellow ppt, insoluble in NH4OH indicate iodine.

    Reaction:

    NaX+ AgNO3 → Agx + NaNO3

     X = Cl, Br, I 

    Quick Quiz: 

    Question 1: Enlist different sources of organic compounds.

    Answer. 

    The sources of organic compound are following.  

    Question 2: Define modern definition of organic chemistry.

    Answer.

    1. Fossil fuels and Fossil remains
    2. Plants and Partial
    3. Natural Products
    4. Total Synthesis    
    5. Fermentation Biotechnology           

    Question 3: Write important products from petroleum.

    Answer. Following are the important products Petroleum.

    1. Methane CH4
    2. Ethylene CH2= CH2
    3. Acetylne CH=CH
    4. Propene CH3 CH=CH₂
    5. Benzene C6H6
    6. Toluene C6HS CH3

    Question 4: What are the products of fractional distillation of coal tam?

    Answer: Following the fractional distillation product of are coal tars are:

    1. Benzole
    2. Toluene
    3. Xylene
    4. Naphthalene
    5. Phenols
    6. Many other organic compounds.

    Question 5: What we obtain by fractional distillation of coal gas?

    Answer

    Following are the fractional distillation product of coal gas

    1. Benzole
    2. Coal gas (Methane gas)
    3. Cyanides
    4. Sulphur Compounds

    Question 6: are allotrops?

    Answer. 
    Allotrops Different forms of same element are called allotrops. For example:- Graphite, diamond and bucky ball are allotrops of carbon..

    Question7: Why it was given name Bucky ball? 

    Answer.
    It was named after the name of Buck minister, an architecture, who designed shape of bucky ball building.

    Question 8: Define third allotropic form of carbon?

    Answer. 
    Third allotropic form of carbon. The third
    is bucky ball. The full name of bucky ball is Buckminister Fullerences.

    Question 9
    Why Functional group is an importan organic chemistry

    What is Homologous Series series?








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