Functional group: Definition and examples

Definition

An atom are group of atoms that give a family of organic compound it characteristics chemical and physical properties is called functional group.

Function group is based for the classification of organic compound it has made the study of million of organic compound very easier.

For example,

CH3--OH CH3-Cl CH3CH2Br

Function groups containing carbon hydrogen and halogen:Haloalkane

The organic compound in which one hydrogen atom of an alkane is substituted by one halogen atom is called hello alkane. R-X is the general formula of haloalkane.

CH3-Cl CH3-CH2-Br CH3-CH2-Cl

Function group containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen: Alcohol

Organic compounds in which one hydrogen atom of alkane is substituted with hydroxyl group (OH) is called alcohol.

CH3-OH CH3-CH2-OH CH3-CH2-OH

They have general formula of R-OH.

Phenol:

Phenols are organic compounds in which hydroxyl group is attached to a benzene ring. Phenol was the first compound used in an operation theater.

C6H5-OH

Phenol

Ethers:

Ethers are organic compounds that two alkyl groups attached to the same oxygen atom. The general formula of ether is

R-O-R/.

Where R and R/ may be same or different.

For example,

CH3-O-CH3 Dimethyl ether

CH3-CH2-O-CH3 Ethyl methyl ether

CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 Diethyl ether

Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and Ketones are organic compoundts that contain carbonyl -CO- group.

Aldehydes

Aldehydes have at least one or two hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atom of carbonyl group (-CO-). They have general formula of R -CO-H except Methanal (Formaldehyde).

For example,

H-CO-H Methanal (Formaldehyde)

CH3-CO-H Ethanal (Acetaldehyde)

Ketones

Ketones have two alkyl groups attached to carbon atom of carbonyl group (-CO-). They have a general formula of R-CO-R/. Where R and R/ may be same or different.

CH3-CO-CH3 Propanone (acetone)

CH3-CO-CH2-CH3 Butanone

Carboxylic acids

The carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain carboxy group (-COOH ). The general formula of Carboxylic Acid is R-COOH except formic acid (HCOOH). Where R may be any alkyl group.

H-COOH Methanoic acid (Formic acid)

CH3-COOH Ethanoic acis (Acetic acid)

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